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Visualize: Common Mistakes المعرفة والنكرة English Arabic I have A BIG HOUSE We read GOOD BOOKS ِعندي بيت كبير نقرأُ ُكتُب دة ِي ج I went to THE BIG HOUSE I saw THE TALL BUILDING ذهب ُت إلى الــبيت الــكبير رأي ُت الــبناية الــطويلة THE ROOM IS CLEAN. الغُرفة نظيفة Note in the previous examples that the definite marker in Arabic " "الـdramatically affects the meaning in each example above. Also, note that all the SECOND words in ALL these colored examples are ADJECTIVES. • Use NO " ,"الif you’re talking about something indefinite, e.g., “a good day يوم ,جيدa clean room , غرفة نظيفةa nice person”. • Use الin the first word only if you’re making a complete sentence, e.g., “The house is ready – البي ُت جاهزThe days are long .”الأيام طويلة • Use الin both words if you want to describe a definite noun, e.g., “The important person – الشخص المهمThe cold weather .الطقس الباردNote here that the definite article “the” refers to both the adjectives (important and cold) and the nouns (person and weather). • Use الin the SECOND word only if you’re making an ,إضافةwhich typically indicates possession, but not necessarily, e.g., The clothes of the cat ,ملابس القطة The color of the car ,لون السيارةThe Friday movie ,فيلم الجمعةSarah’s family .عائلة سارة As you can see in the last example, you do not necessarily need الfor a word to be definite. A proper noun (someone’s name, a country’s name, etc.) is always definite.Common Mistakes الإضافة We have two main types of .إضافةFor the most of it, you do not really have issues with idhafa to a definite noun such as ( بيت العائلةThe family’s house) or أيام الأسبوع (The days of the week) or ( كتاب محمودMahmoud’s book). Note that unlike the second word, which is always definite, the first word is always indefinite, i.e., does not have الand is not a proper noun. We also have another type of إضافةwhere both words are indefinite. Examples include: o رئيس جامعةa university president o أستاذ لغةa language teacher o كلب صيدa hunting dog We can even have three or more words in these إضافةconstructions. See the highlighted phrases below: o بناية طلاب برنامج اللغة العربيةThe Arabic language program students’ building. o قسم دراسات شرق آسياEast Asia Studies Department o بيننغتون عندها ُغرف نوم طلاب كثيرةBennington has lots of student bedrooms. You have to use your intuition when choosing between idahafa to indefinite ()بيت طلاب and idhafa to definite ().بيت الطلاب But one thing that could help you distinguish between both types of idhafa is the following word. We know now that after indefinite nouns we can use ُجملة الصفةas in: - - عندي زميل عمل يحب البيتزاI have a work colleague who loves Pizza. - حكى لي صديقي عن قصة حب بدأت منذ سنةMy friend told me about a love story which started a year ago. But if the word is definite ( قصة الحبOR )زميل العملthen it must be followed by a relative :)الذي – التي - الذين( اسم موصول pronoun - – تكلمت مع زميل العمل الذي يتكلم اللغة الفرنسيةI spoke with the work colleague who speaks French. - – قرأ ُت عن قصة ال ُحب التي شاهدتها في الفيلم الجديدI read the love story which I saw in the new movie.Common Mistakes الاسم الموصولRelative Pronoun Relative pronouns ( )الذي – التي – الذينin Arabic function the same way as in English. They connect two sentences which refer to the same noun: شاهدت الفيلم - الفيلم كان في "تيشمان" - شاهد ُت الفيلم الذي كان في تيشمان o After the relative pronoun we MUST ALWAYS have a verb. أنهي ُت الكتاب الذي بدأتُه منذ شهر - تكلم ُت مع صديقتي التي سافرت إلى الأردن - شاهدت الأفلام التي قرأ ُت عنها في الجريدة - قضي ٌت وقتًا جي ًدا مع أصدقائي الذين كانوا معي في المدرسة الثانوية - As you can see in the examples above, the following conditions must be met: o Relative pronouns must agree in number and gender with the noun they . الكتاب الذي، صديقتي التي، الأفلام التي، الذين كانوا :replace ) areالأفلام، الكتب، السيارات، الشوارع، ال ُمدن، المجلات( o Any inanimate plural noun always grammatically treated as singular feminine nouns. Hence, we use the relative pronoun التيto refer to it.Now suppose you wanna talk about someone or something that you do not want ALL the people around to understand except for the person you’re talking to. OR suppose that you wanna make what you’re talking about more generic, we can use َمنor ماas relative pronouns to perform such function. - We can use َمنto replace both > the noun + the relative pronoun it refers to. o اشتري ُت التليفون الذي تكلمنا عنهI bought the phone we talked about. ▪ With ( اشتري ُت ما تكلمنا عنه : ماI bought WHAT we talked about). o استأجر ُت البيت الذي شاهدناهI rented the house which we saw. ▪ With ( استأجر ُت ما شاهدناه : ماI rented WHAT we saw). o ( تكلم ُت مع الرجل الذي اشترى الكتابI spoke with the man who bought the book) ▪ With ( تكلم ُت مع َمن اشترى الكتاب : َمنI spoke with who bought the book) o ( سأسأل الأشخاص الذين أعرفهمI will ask the people whom I know) ▪ With ( سأسأل من أعرفهم : َمنI will ask whom I know). - Initial Deployment
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