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  <title>Vietnam Economic Growth Report 2025 — Interactive Research Dashboard</title>
  <meta name="description" content="Comprehensive analytical dashboard for Vietnam's 2025 economic performance: GDP, inflation, unemployment, FDI, sectoral analysis, forecasts, and citations." />
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        <div class="title">Vietnam Economic Growth Report 2025</div>
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        <section class="hero">
          <h1>Vietnam 2025: Momentum With Vigilance</h1>
          <div class="subhead">GDP surged 7.96% in Q2 and 7.52% in H1—best first-half since 2011—powered by industry and services. Inflation is contained, unemployment remains low, and FDI inflows are robust amid global headwinds.</div>
          <div class="kpi-grid" id="kpiGrid">
            <div class="kpi">
              <div class="bg"></div>
              <div class="label">GDP Growth Q2 2025 (y/y)</div>
              <div class="value" data-kpi="gdp_q2">7.96%</div>
              <div class="delta"><i data-feather="trending-up"></i> Above Q1</div>
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              <div class="label">GDP Growth H1 2025</div>
              <div class="value" data-kpi="gdp_h1">7.52%</div>
              <div class="delta"><i data-feather="award"></i> Highest since 2011</div>
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              <div class="label">Inflation (June 2025)</div>
              <div class="value">3.57%</div>
              <div class="delta" style="color:var(--warn); background: color-mix(in oklab, var(--warn) 14%, transparent);">
                <i data-feather="chevron-up"></i> Highest YTD
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              <div class="label">Unemployment (Q1 2025)</div>
              <div class="value">2.20%</div>
              <div class="delta" style="color:var(--ok); background: color-mix(in oklab, var(--ok) 14%, transparent);">
                <i data-feather="trending-down"></i> From Q4 2024
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              <div class="label">FDI (H1 2025)</div>
              <div class="value">$21.51B</div>
              <div class="delta" style="color:var(--accent-2); background: color-mix(in oklab, var(--accent-2) 14%, transparent);">
                <i data-feather="plus-circle"></i> +32.6% y/y
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              <div class="label">Retail Sales (Q1 2025)</div>
              <div class="value">₫1,708T</div>
              <div class="delta"><i data-feather="shopping-bag"></i> +9.9% y/y</div>
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        <section class="section with-toolbar" id="executive-summary" data-title="Executive Summary">
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            <h2>Executive Summary</h2>
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          <div class="summary">
            Vietnam’s economy sustained robust momentum in 2025. GDP expanded 7.96% y/y in Q2 and 7.52% in H1 (best since 2011). Growth was anchored by services and manufacturing, while inflation remained within the 3–4.5% target band. Unemployment stayed historically low at 2.20%, and FDI inflows accelerated, signaling strong investor confidence despite external frictions from trade tensions and tariffs.
          </div>
          <ul>
            <li>Growth leadership: services, manufacturing, and export industries; banking earnings seen up 17% with ~15% credit growth.</li>
            <li>Risks: global trade tensions, tariff exposure, geopolitical uncertainty, and FDI overdependence concerns.</li>
            <li>Policy stance: diversify markets, support domestic demand, preserve macro stability, and use fiscal space if needed.</li>
          </ul>
        </section>

        <section class="section with-toolbar" id="gdp-indicators" data-title="Key Economic Indicators">
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            <h2>Key Economic Indicators 2025</h2>
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          <div class="grid cols-2">
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              <h3>GDP Growth Performance</h3>
              <div class="legend">
                <span class="key"><span class="sw" style="background:var(--accent)"></span> Actual</span>
                <span class="key"><span class="sw" style="background:var(--warn)"></span> Gov Target 8.3–8.5%</span>
              </div>
              <div class="chart" id="chart-gdp-bars" role="img" aria-label="Bar chart of GDP growth for Q1, Q2, and H1 2025"></div>
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                    <input type="checkbox" id="toggleTargetBand" checked /> Target band
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            <div class="chart-card">
              <h3>2025 GDP Growth Forecasts</h3>
              <div class="legend">
                <span class="key"><span class="sw" style="background:var(--accent-3)"></span> International</span>
                <span class="key"><span class="sw" style="background:var(--accent-2)"></span> Government target</span>
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          <details class="collapsible" style="margin-top:1rem;">
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                <table id="tblIndicators">
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th data-sort="text">Indicator</th>
                      <th data-sort="text">Period</th>
                      <th data-sort="num">Value</th>
                      <th data-sort="text">Notes</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr><td>GDP Growth</td><td>Q1 2025</td><td data-v="6.9">6.9%</td><td>y/y</td></tr>
                    <tr><td>GDP Growth</td><td>Q2 2025</td><td data-v="7.96">7.96%</td><td>y/y</td></tr>
                    <tr><td>GDP Growth</td><td>H1 2025</td><td data-v="7.52">7.52%</td><td>Highest since 2011</td></tr>
                    <tr><td>Inflation</td><td>May 2025</td><td data-v="3.24">3.24%</td><td>YTD</td></tr>
                    <tr><td>Inflation</td><td>June 2025</td><td data-v="3.57">3.57%</td><td>YTD high</td></tr>
                    <tr><td>Unemployment</td><td>Q1 2025</td><td data-v="2.2">2.20%</td><td>Down from 2.22%</td></tr>
                    <tr><td>FDI Registered</td><td>Jan–May 2025</td><td data-v="18.4">$18.4B</td><td>+51% y/y</td></tr>
                    <tr><td>FDI Disbursed</td><td>Jan–May 2025</td><td data-v="8.9">$8.9B</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
                    <tr><td>FDI Total</td><td>H1 2025</td><td data-v="21.51">$21.51B</td><td>+32.6% y/y</td></tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </details>
        </section>

        <section class="section with-toolbar" id="inflation" data-title="Inflation Dynamics">
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            <h2>Inflation Rate</h2>
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              <span class="pill"><i data-feather="target"></i> Target: 3–4.5%</span>
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          <p>Inflation remains well-controlled within the 3–4.5% target range. June’s 3.57% is the highest YTD but consistent with a manageable trajectory. External cost pressures from trade tensions are a watch point.</p>
          <div class="grid cols-2">
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              <h3>Inflation Recent Prints & Forecasts</h3>
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                <span class="key"><span class="sw" style="background:var(--accent)"></span> Actual</span>
                <span class="key"><span class="sw" style="background:var(--accent-3)"></span> IMF 2025: 2.9%</span>
                <span class="key"><span class="sw" style="background:var(--warn)"></span> ADB 2025: 4.0%</span>
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              <h3>Labor Market Snapshot</h3>
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        <section class="section with-toolbar" id="fdi" data-title="Foreign Direct Investment">
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            <h2>Foreign Direct Investment</h2>
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              <button class="btn ghost link-section" data-target="fdi"><i data-feather="link-2"></i> Link</button>
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          <p>FDI inflows are robust, reflecting sustained foreign investor confidence. Registered capital surged while disbursements kept pace, and H1 totals surpassed $21B.</p>
          <div class="grid cols-2">
            <div class="chart-card">
              <h3>FDI Momentum</h3>
              <div class="legend">
                <span class="key"><span class="sw" style="background:var(--accent)"></span> Registered (Jan–May)</span>
                <span class="key"><span class="sw" style="background:var(--accent-3)"></span> Disbursed (Jan–May)</span>
                <span class="key"><span class="sw" style="background:var(--accent-2)"></span> Total (H1)</span>
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            <div class="section" style="margin:0;">
              <h3>Investor Takeaways</h3>
              <ul>
                <li>Strength across diversified manufacturing and services clusters.</li>
                <li>Policy continuity and infrastructure investments support pipeline.</li>
                <li>Monitor sectoral concentration and supply-chain dependencies.</li>
              </ul>
              <div class="info">Policy note: Maintain macro buffers; prioritize quality FDI with technology transfer and value chain deepening.</div>
            </div>
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        </section>

        <section class="section with-toolbar" id="sectoral" data-title="Sectoral Analysis">
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            <label class="chip"><input type="checkbox" data-sector="services" checked> Services</label>
            <label class="chip"><input type="checkbox" data-sector="manufacturing" checked> Manufacturing</label>
            <label class="chip"><input type="checkbox" data-sector="export" checked> Export Industries</label>
            <label class="chip"><input type="checkbox" data-sector="banking" checked> Banking</label>
          </div>
          <div class="grid cols-2 cols-3-xl" id="sectorCards">
            <div class="chart-card sector services">
              <h3>Services</h3>
              <p>Primary growth engine with broad-based expansion across retail, logistics, tourism, and digital services.</p>
            </div>
            <div class="chart-card sector manufacturing">
              <h3>Manufacturing</h3>
              <p>Recovery maintained with strong export orders; supply-chain realignment favors Vietnam’s cost-quality mix.</p>
            </div>
            <div class="chart-card sector export">
              <h3>Export Industries</h3>
              <p>Remain the economic backbone; competitiveness intact despite tariff-related frictions.</p>
            </div>
            <div class="chart-card sector banking">
              <h3>Banking</h3>
              <p>Earnings projected +17% in 2025 on ~15% system-wide credit growth; watch asset quality under external stress.</p>
            </div>
          </div>
        </section>

        <section class="section with-toolbar" id="risks" data-title="Challenges and Risks">
          <div class="toolbar-row">
            <h2>Challenges and Risk Factors</h2>
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          </div>
          <ul>
            <li>Global trade tensions and US tariff policies pressure export-oriented sectors.</li>
            <li>Geopolitical instability raises uncertainty and potential cost pass-through.</li>
            <li>Overreliance on FDI could amplify cyclicality and external shocks.</li>
            <li>Imperative: growth not at the cost of macro stability, public debt, or inflation.</li>
          </ul>
          <div class="notice"><strong>Mitigation:</strong> diversify export markets, strengthen domestic demand, enhance resilience, and maintain fiscal space for counter-cyclical support.</div>
        </section>

        <section class="section with-toolbar" id="history" data-title="Historical Comparison">
          <div class="toolbar-row">
            <h2>Historical Comparison</h2>
            <div class="tools">
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            </div>
          </div>
          <p>Vietnam sustained high growth in 2024 (7.1%). Growth in 2025 may moderate versus ambitious targets due to external constraints, but fundamentals remain resilient.</p>
          <div class="chart-card">
            <h3>Q1 GDP Growth 2020–2025 (y/y)</h3>
            <div class="legend">
              <span class="key"><span class="sw" style="background:var(--accent)"></span> Q1 Growth</span>
              <span class="key"><span class="sw" style="background:var(--accent-2)"></span> Trend</span>
            </div>
            <div class="chart" id="chart-history"></div>
            <div class="tools">
              <button class="btn ghost export-chart" data-chart="chart-history"><i data-feather="image"></i> Save PNG</button>
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        </section>

        <section class="section with-toolbar" id="outlook" data-title="Economic Outlook">
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            <h2>Economic Outlook and Projections</h2>
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            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="grid cols-2">
            <div>
              <h3>Near-term Prospects (2025)</h3>
              <p>Solid starting point in Q1 (6.9% y/y) with resilience expected despite uncertainty. Government’s 8.3–8.5% target is ambitious vs international forecasts, but domestic drivers provide ballast.</p>
              <h4>Key Supporting Factors</h4>
              <ul>
                <li>Robust FDI inflows and investor confidence</li>
                <li>Low unemployment supporting consumption</li>
                <li>Controlled inflation sustaining purchasing power</li>
                <li>Export competitiveness and market diversification</li>
                <li>Parliamentary push to raise GDP growth to at least 8%</li>
              </ul>
            </div>
            <div>
              <h3>Policy Playbook</h3>
              <ul>
                <li>Diversify export markets and deepen regional value chains.</li>
                <li>Strengthen domestic demand through targeted measures.</li>
                <li>Enhance resilience: buffers, liquidity backstops, prudent credit growth.</li>
                <li>Use fiscal space counter-cyclically if global shocks intensify.</li>
              </ul>
              <div class="info">Bottom line: Cautiously optimistic baseline with upside from supply-chain shifts; vigilance on external risks is warranted.</div>
            </div>
          </div>
        </section>

        <section class="section with-toolbar" id="conclusion" data-title="Conclusion">
          <div class="toolbar-row">
            <h2>Conclusion</h2>
            <div class="tools">
              <button class="btn ghost link-section" data-target="conclusion"><i data-feather="link-2"></i> Link</button>
            </div>
          </div>
          <p>Vietnam’s 2025 performance highlights resilience and strong fundamentals: low unemployment, contained inflation, and buoyant FDI. While international projections are more conservative than the government’s 8%+ target, momentum and reform commitment provide a solid backdrop for sustained development.</p>
        </section>

        <section class="section with-toolbar" id="methodology" data-title="Methodology">
          <div class="toolbar-row">
            <h2>Research Methodology</h2>
            <div class="tools">
              <button class="btn ghost link-section" data-target="methodology"><i data-feather="link-2"></i> Link</button>
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          </div>
          <details class="collapsible">
            <summary>Scope, Sources, and Processing <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i></summary>
            <div class="content">
              <ul>
                <li>Scope: Macroeconomic indicators for Vietnam 2024–2025 with emphasis on Q1/Q2 2025 and H1 aggregates.</li>
                <li>Sources: IMF, ADB, World Bank, GSO Vietnam, Trading Economics, Vietnam Investment Review, and related portals.</li>
                <li>Processing: Extracted key values, normalized units, and constructed trend series for visualization. Forecasts aggregated for cross-comparison.</li>
                <li>Validation: Cross-checked ranges and narratives against cited sources; flagged assumptions where applicable.</li>
              </ul>
            </div>
          </details>
        </section>

        <section class="section with-toolbar" id="references" data-title="Sources & Citations">
          <div class="toolbar-row">
            <h2>Sources and Citations</h2>
            <div class="tools">
              <button class="btn ghost link-section" data-target="references"><i data-feather="link-2"></i> Link</button>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div id="citationList" class="grid">
            <div class="table-wrap">
              <table>
                <thead>
                  <tr><th>#</th><th>Source</th><th>URL</th><th>Actions</th></tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr><td>1</td><td>Trading Economics - Vietnam GDP Annual Growth Rate</td><td><a href="https://tradingeconomics.com/vietnam/gdp-growth-annual" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Link</a></td><td><button class="btn ghost copy-cite" data-cite="Trading Economics - Vietnam GDP Annual Growth Rate: https://tradingeconomics.com/vietnam/gdp-growth-annual"><i data-feather="copy"></i> Copy</button></td></tr>
                  <tr><td>2</td><td>International Monetary Fund - Vietnam Country Profile</td><td><a href="https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/VNM" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Link</a></td><td><button class="btn ghost copy-cite" data-cite="IMF - Vietnam Country Profile: https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/VNM"><i data-feather="copy"></i> Copy</button></td></tr>
                  <tr><td>3</td><td>World Economics - Vietnam GDP Estimates</td><td><a href="https://www.worldeconomics.com/GDP/Vietnam.gdp" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Link</a></td><td><button class="btn ghost copy-cite" data-cite="World Economics - Vietnam GDP Estimates: https://www.worldeconomics.com/GDP/Vietnam.gdp"><i data-feather="copy"></i> Copy</button></td></tr>
                  <tr><td>4</td><td>General Statistics Office (Vietnam)</td><td><a href="https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Link</a></td><td><button class="btn ghost copy-cite" data-cite="General Statistics Office (Vietnam): https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/"><i data-feather="copy"></i> Copy</button></td></tr>
                  <tr><td>5</td><td>Wikipedia - Economy of Vietnam</td><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Link</a></td><td><button class="btn ghost copy-cite" data-cite="Wikipedia - Economy of Vietnam: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam"><i data-feather="copy"></i> Copy</button></td></tr>
                  <tr><td>6</td><td>IMF - Vietnam and the IMF</td><td><a href="https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/VNM" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Link</a></td><td><button class="btn ghost copy-cite" data-cite="IMF - Vietnam and the IMF: https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/VNM"><i data-feather="copy"></i> Copy</button></td></tr>
                  <tr><td>7</td><td>FocusEconomics - Vietnam Economic Indicators</td><td><a href="https://www.focus-economics.com/countries/vietnam" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Link</a></td><td><button class="btn ghost copy-cite" data-cite="FocusEconomics - Vietnam Economic Indicators: https://www.focus-economics.com/countries/vietnam"><i data-feather="copy"></i> Copy</button></td></tr>
                  <tr><td>8</td><td>GSO Vietnam - Data & Statistics</td><td><a href="https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/data-and-statistics/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Link</a></td><td><button class="btn ghost copy-cite" data-cite="GSO Vietnam - Data & Statistics: https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/data-and-statistics/"><i data-feather="copy"></i> Copy</button></td></tr>
                  <tr><td>9</td><td>VietnamNet - Economic News</td><td><a href="https://vietnamnet.vn/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Link</a></td><td><button class="btn ghost copy-cite" data-cite="VietnamNet - Economic News: https://vietnamnet.vn/"><i data-feather="copy"></i> Copy</button></td></tr>
                  <tr><td>10</td><td>IMF - Article IV Mission Reports</td><td><a href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Link</a></td><td><button class="btn ghost copy-cite" data-cite="IMF - Article IV Mission Reports: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR"><i data-feather="copy"></i> Copy</button></td></tr>
                  <tr><td>11</td><td>Vietnam Briefing - Analysis</td><td><a href="https://www.vietnam-briefing.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Link</a></td><td><button class="btn ghost copy-cite" data-cite="Vietnam Briefing - Economic Analysis: https://www.vietnam-briefing.com/"><i data-feather="copy"></i> Copy</button></td></tr>
                  <tr><td>12</td><td>Vietnam Investment Review - FDI</td><td><a href="https://vir.com.vn/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Link</a></td><td><button class="btn ghost copy-cite" data-cite="Vietnam Investment Review - FDI Statistics: https://vir.com.vn/"><i data-feather="copy"></i> Copy</button></td></tr>
                  <tr><td>13</td><td>Trading Economics - FDI</td><td><a href="https://tradingeconomics.com/vietnam/foreign-direct-investment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Link</a></td><td><button class="btn ghost copy-cite" data-cite="Trading Economics - Vietnam FDI: https://tradingeconomics.com/vietnam/foreign-direct-investment"><i data-feather="copy"></i> Copy</button></td></tr>
                  <tr><td>14</td><td>White & Case - Regional Outlook</td><td><a href="https://www.whitecase.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Link</a></td><td><button class="btn ghost copy-cite" data-cite="White & Case - Regional Economic Outlook: https://www.whitecase.com/"><i data-feather="copy"></i> Copy</button></td></tr>
                  <tr><td>15</td><td>Vietnam Economic Times</td><td><a href="https://vneconomictimes.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Link</a></td><td><button class="btn ghost copy-cite" data-cite="Vietnam Economic Times: https://vneconomictimes.com/"><i data-feather="copy"></i> Copy</button></td></tr>
                  <tr><td>16</td><td>Asian Development Bank - Viet Nam</td><td><a href="https://www.adb.org/countries/viet-nam/main" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Link</a></td><td><button class="btn ghost copy-cite" data-cite="ADB - Viet Nam Country Partnership: https://www.adb.org/countries/viet-nam/main"><i data-feather="copy"></i> Copy</button></td></tr>
                  <tr><td>17</td><td>Ministry of Planning and Investment</td><td><a href="https://www.mpi.gov.vn/en/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Link</a></td><td><button class="btn ghost copy-cite" data-cite="Ministry of Planning and Investment (Vietnam): https://www.mpi.gov.vn/en/"><i data-feather="copy"></i> Copy</button></td></tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </div>
          </div>
        </section>

        <section class="section with-toolbar" id="appendix" data-title="Appendices">
          <div class="toolbar-row">
            <h2>Appendices</h2>
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              <button class="btn ghost link-section" data-target="appendix"><i data-feather="link-2"></i> Link</button>
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          </div>
          <details class="collapsible">
            <summary>Data Dictionary <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i></summary>
            <div class="content">
              <ul>
                <li>GDP Growth: Real GDP y/y change, quarterly and half-year aggregate.</li>
                <li>Inflation: Headline CPI y/y.</li>
                <li>Unemployment: National unemployment rate.</li>
                <li>FDI: Registered and disbursed capital in USD; total H1 in USD.</li>
              </ul>
            </div>
          </details>
          <details class="collapsible" style="margin-top:.75rem;">
            <summary>Assumptions & Notes <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i></summary>
            <div class="content">
              <ul>
                <li>Q1 historical series reflects reported year-on-year expansions 2020–2025.</li>
                <li>Forecast comparison normalizes to calendar 2025 growth.</li>
              </ul>
            </div>
          </details>
        </section>

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        ['FDI Total','H1 2025','$21.51B','+32.6% y/y']
      ];
      const csv = rows.map(r => r.map(v => `"${String(v).replace(/"/g, '""')}"`).join(',')).join('\n');
      const blob = new Blob([csv], {type: 'text/csv;charset=utf-8;'});
      const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
      const a = document.createElement('a'); a.href = url; a.download = 'vietnam_2025_indicators.csv';
      document.body.appendChild(a); a.click(); a.remove(); URL.revokeObjectURL(url);
    });

    // Sector filters
    const sectorFilters = document.getElementById('sectorFilters');
    sectorFilters.addEventListener('change', () => {
      const active = new Set(Array.from(sectorFilters.querySelectorAll('input:checked')).map(i => i.dataset.sector));
      document.querySelectorAll('#sectorCards .sector').forEach(card => {
        const cat = [...card.classList].find(c => ['services','manufacturing','export','banking'].includes(c));
        card.style.display = active.has(cat) ? '' : 'none';
      });
      localStorage.setItem('sectorFilters', JSON.stringify([...active]));
    });
    // Restore sector filters
    const savedFilters = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem('sectorFilters') || 'null');
    if (savedFilters) {
      sectorFilters.querySelectorAll('input').forEach(i => i.checked = savedFilters.includes(i.dataset.sector));
      sectorFilters.dispatchEvent(new Event('change'));
    }

    // Small toasts
    let toastTimer;
    function toast(msg) {
      clearTimeout(toastTimer);
      let el = document.getElementById('toast');
      if (!el) {
        el = document.createElement('div');
        el.id = 'toast';
        el.style.position = 'fixed';
        el.style.bottom = '18px';
        el.style.left = '50%';
        el.style.transform = 'translateX(-50%)';
        el.style.background = 'var(--panel)';
        el.style.border = '1px solid var(--bdr)';
        el.style.boxShadow = 'var(--shadow)';
        el.style.color = 'var(--text)';
        el.style.padding = '.6rem .9rem';
        el.style.borderRadius = '10px';
        el.style.zIndex = '999';
        document.body.appendChild(el);
      }
      el.textContent = msg;
      el.style.opacity = '1';
      toastTimer = setTimeout(() => { el.style.transition = 'opacity .4s'; el.style.opacity = '0'; }, 1500);
    }

    // Charts: SVG helpers
    function createSVG(w, h) {
      const svg = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'svg');
      svg.setAttribute('viewBox', `0 0 ${w} ${h}`);
      svg.setAttribute('width', '100%'); svg.setAttribute('height', '100%');
      return svg;
    }
    function axis(svg, x, y, w, h, ticks=5, max=10, format=v=>v.toString()) {
      const g = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'g');
      g.setAttribute('stroke', 'currentColor');
      g.setAttribute('opacity', '.5');
      for (let i=0;i<=ticks;i++) {
        const ty = y + h - (i/ticks)*h;
        const line = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'line');
        line.setAttribute('x1', x); line.setAttribute('x2', x+w);
        line.setAttribute('y1', ty); line.setAttribute('y2', ty);
        line.setAttribute('stroke-width', i===0?1.2:0.6);
        g.appendChild(line);
        const label = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'text');
        label.setAttribute('x', x - 6);
        label.setAttribute('y', ty + 4);
        label.setAttribute('font-size', '12');
        label.setAttribute('text-anchor', 'end');
        label.textContent = format((i/ticks)*max);
        g.appendChild(label);
      }
      svg.appendChild(g);
    }
    function exportSVGToPNG(svgEl, filename='chart.png') {
      const svgData = new XMLSerializer().serializeToString(svgEl);
      const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
      const bbox = svgEl.viewBox.baseVal;
      canvas.width = bbox.width * 2;
      canvas.height = bbox.height * 2;
      const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
      const img = new Image();
      const svgBlob = new Blob([svgData], {type: 'image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8'});
      const url = URL.createObjectURL(svgBlob);
      img.onload = function() {
        ctx.scale(2,2);
        ctx.drawImage(img, 0, 0);
        URL.revokeObjectURL(url);
        canvas.toBlob(function(blob) {
          const a = document.createElement('a'); a.href = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
          a.download = filename; document.body.appendChild(a); a.click(); a.remove();
        });
      };
      img.src = url;
    }

    // Chart: Bars with optional target band
    function drawBars(containerId, series, opts = {}) {
      const el = document.getElementById(containerId);
      el.innerHTML = '';
      const svg = createSVG(800, 480);
      el.appendChild(svg);
      const pad = {l: 60, r: 20, t: 30, b: 60};
      const w = 800 - pad.l - pad.r;
      const h = 480 - pad.t - pad.b;
      const max = Math.max(opts.max || 10, ...series.map(d => d.value)) + 0.5;

      // Target band
      if (opts.targetBand?.length && document.getElementById('toggleTargetBand')?.checked) {
        const [lo, hi] = opts.targetBand;
        const yLo = pad.t + h - (lo / max) * h;
        const yHi = pad.t + h - (hi / max) * h;
        const rect = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'rect');
        rect.setAttribute('x', pad.l);
        rect.setAttribute('width', w);
        rect.setAttribute('y', yHi);
        rect.setAttribute('height', Math.max(2, yLo - yHi));
        rect.setAttribute('fill', 'url(#bandGrad)');
        rect.setAttribute('opacity', '0.35');
        // gradient
        const defs = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'defs');
        const grad = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'linearGradient');
        grad.setAttribute('id','bandGrad'); grad.setAttribute('x1','0%'); grad.setAttribute('x2','0%'); grad.setAttribute('y1','0%'); grad.setAttribute('y2','100%');
        const s1 = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'stop'); s1.setAttribute('offset','0%'); s1.setAttribute('stop-color','var(--warn)');
        const s2 = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'stop'); s2.setAttribute('offset','100%'); s2.setAttribute('stop-color','var(--accent-2)');
        grad.appendChild(s1); grad.appendChild(s2); defs.appendChild(grad); svg.appendChild(defs);
        svg.appendChild(rect);
      }

      axis(svg, pad.l, pad.t, w, h, 5, max, v => (v).toFixed(0) + '%');

      const bw = w / (series.length * 1.5);
      series.forEach((d, i) => {
        const x = pad.l + i * (w / series.length) + (w / series.length - bw) / 2;
        const y = pad.t + h - (d.value / max) * h;
        const rect = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'rect');
        rect.setAttribute('x', x);
        rect.setAttribute('y', y);
        rect.setAttribute('width', bw);
        rect.setAttribute('height', Math.max(2, pad.t + h - y));
        rect.setAttribute('rx', '6');
        rect.setAttribute('fill', 'var(--accent)');
        rect.setAttribute('opacity', '.9');
        svg.appendChild(rect);

        const lbl = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'text');
        lbl.setAttribute('x', x + bw/2);
        lbl.setAttribute('y', pad.t + h + 20);
        lbl.setAttribute('text-anchor', 'middle');
        lbl.setAttribute('font-size', '12');
        lbl.textContent = d.label;
        svg.appendChild(lbl);

        const val = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'text');
        val.setAttribute('x', x + bw/2);
        val.setAttribute('y', y - 6);
        val.setAttribute('text-anchor', 'middle');
        val.setAttribute('font-size', '12');
        val.textContent = d.value.toFixed(2) + '%';
        svg.appendChild(val);
      });

      state.charts[containerId] = svg;
    }

    // Chart: Dot plot (forecasts)
    function drawDotPlot(containerId, series, opts={}) {
      const el = document.getElementById(containerId); el.innerHTML = '';
      const svg = createSVG(800, 480); el.appendChild(svg);
      const pad = {l: 70, r: 20, t: 20, b: 60};
      const w = 800 - pad.l - pad.r, h = 480 - pad.t - pad.b;
      const max = Math.max(opts.max || 9, ...series.map(d => d.value));
      const min = opts.min || 0;
      const filtered = series.filter(d => d.value >= (opts.threshold ?? 0));
      // axis
      axis(svg, pad.l, pad.t, w, h, 6, max, v => (v).toFixed(0) + '%');
      // baseline 0
      const x0 = pad.l, yMid = pad.t + h;
      // x scale
      const xScale = v => pad.l + (v - min) / (max - min) * w;

      // categories y positions
      const items = filtered;
      const gap = h / (items.length + 1);

      items.forEach((d, i) => {
        const y = pad.t + gap * (i+1);
        const x = xScale(d.value);
        const line = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'line');
        line.setAttribute('x1', pad.l); line.setAttribute('x2', pad.l + w); line.setAttribute('y1', y); line.setAttribute('y2', y);
        line.setAttribute('stroke', 'currentColor'); line.setAttribute('opacity', '.08');
        svg.appendChild(line);

        const dot = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'circle');
        dot.setAttribute('cx', x); dot.setAttribute('cy', y); dot.setAttribute('r', '8');
        dot.setAttribute('fill', d.type === 'gov' ? 'var(--accent-2)' : 'var(--accent-3)');
        dot.setAttribute('opacity', '.9');
        svg.appendChild(dot);

        const label = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'text');
        label.setAttribute('x', pad.l - 10); label.setAttribute('y', y + 4);
        label.setAttribute('text-anchor', 'end'); label.setAttribute('font-size', '12'); label.textContent = d.name;
        svg.appendChild(label);

        const val = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'text');
        val.setAttribute('x', x + 10); val.setAttribute('y', y + 4); val.setAttribute('font-size','12'); val.textContent = d.value.toFixed(1) + '%';
        svg.appendChild(val);
      });
      state.charts[containerId] = svg;
    }

    // Chart: Line
    function drawLine(containerId, series, opts={}) {
      const el = document.getElementById(containerId); el.innerHTML = '';
      const svg = createSVG(800, 480); el.appendChild(svg);
      const pad = {l: 60, r: 20, t: 20, b: 60};
      const w = 800 - pad.l - pad.r, h = 480 - pad.t - pad.b;
      const max = Math.max(opts.max || Math.max(...series.map(d=>d.value)) + 1, ...series.map(d => d.value));
      const min = Math.min(opts.min || Math.min(...series.map(d=>d.value)) - 0.5, ...series.map(d => d.value));
      axis(svg, pad.l, pad.t, w, h, 6, max, v => (v).toFixed(0) + '%');

      const xScale = (i) => pad.l + (i / (series.length - 1)) * w;
      const yScale = (v) => pad.t + h - ((v - 0) / (max - 0)) * h;

      const path = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'path');
      const d = series.map((p, i) => `${i===0?'M':'L'} ${xScale(i)} ${yScale(p.value)}`).join(' ');
      path.setAttribute('d', d);
      path.setAttribute('fill', 'none'); path.setAttribute('stroke', 'var(--accent)'); path.setAttribute('stroke-width', '3');
      svg.appendChild(path);

      // points
      series.forEach((p, i) => {
        const c = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'circle');
        c.setAttribute('cx', xScale(i)); c.setAttribute('cy', yScale(p.value)); c.setAttribute('r', '5');
        c.setAttribute('fill', 'var(--accent)'); svg.appendChild(c);

        const label = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'text');
        label.setAttribute('x', xScale(i)); label.setAttribute('y', pad.t + h + 20);
        label.setAttribute('text-anchor', 'middle'); label.setAttribute('font-size','12'); label.textContent = p.year;
        svg.appendChild(label);

        const val = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'text');
        val.setAttribute('x', xScale(i)); val.setAttribute('y', yScale(p.value) - 8);
        val.setAttribute('text-anchor','middle'); val.setAttribute('font-size','12'); val.textContent = p.value.toFixed(2) + '%';
        svg.appendChild(val);
      });

      // trendline
      const n = series.length;
      const meanX = (n - 1) / 2;
      const meanY = series.reduce((a, b) => a + b.value, 0) / n;
      let num = 0, den = 0;
      series.forEach((p, i) => { num += (i - meanX) * (p.value - meanY); den += (i - meanX) ** 2; });
      const slope = num / den; const intercept = meanY - slope * meanX;
      const y1 = intercept; const y2 = slope * (n-1) + intercept;
      const line = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'line');
      line.setAttribute('x1', xScale(0)); line.setAttribute('x2', xScale(n-1));
      line.setAttribute('y1', yScale(y1)); line.setAttribute('y2', yScale(y2));
      line.setAttribute('stroke', 'var(--accent-2)'); line.setAttribute('stroke-width', '2'); line.setAttribute('stroke-dasharray','6,6');
      svg.appendChild(line);

      state.charts[containerId] = svg;
    }

    // Chart: Mixed bars (FDI) and labels
    function drawFDI(containerId, series) {
      const el = document.getElementById(containerId); el.innerHTML = '';
      const svg = createSVG(800, 480); el.appendChild(svg);
      const pad = {l: 70, r: 20, t: 30, b: 80};
      const w = 800 - pad.l - pad.r, h = 480 - pad.t - pad.b;
      const max = Math.max(...series.map(d => d.value)) + 2;

      axis(svg, pad.l, pad.t, w, h, 6, max, v => '$' + v.toFixed(0) + 'B');

      const bw = w / (series.length * 1.6);
      series.forEach((d, i) => {
        const x = pad.l + i * (w / series.length) + (w / series.length - bw) / 2;
        const y = pad.t + h - (d.value / max) * h;
        const rect = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'rect');
        rect.setAttribute('x', x); rect.setAttribute('y', y);
        rect.setAttribute('width', bw); rect.setAttribute('height', Math.max(2, pad.t + h - y));
        rect.setAttribute('rx','6'); rect.setAttribute('fill', d.color || 'var(--accent)');
        svg.appendChild(rect);

        const lbl = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'text');
        lbl.setAttribute('x', x + bw/2); lbl.setAttribute('y', pad.t + h + 20);
        lbl.setAttribute('text-anchor','middle'); lbl.setAttribute('font-size','12'); lbl.textContent = d.label;
        svg.appendChild(lbl);

        const val = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'text');
        val.setAttribute('x', x + bw/2); val.setAttribute('y', y - 6);
        val.setAttribute('text-anchor','middle'); val.setAttribute('font-size','12'); val.textContent = fmt.moneyB(d.value);
        svg.appendChild(val);
      });

      state.charts[containerId] = svg;
    }

    // Chart: Inflation line + forecast markers
    function drawInflation(containerId, actual, forecasts) {
      const el = document.getElementById(containerId); el.innerHTML = '';
      const svg = createSVG(800, 480); el.appendChild(svg);
      const pad = {l: 60, r: 20, t: 20, b: 60};
      const w = 800 - pad.l - pad.r, h = 480 - pad.t - pad.b;
      const allVals = [...actual.map(d=>d.value), ...forecasts.map(f=>f.value)];
      const max = Math.max(5, ...allVals) + 0.5;

      axis(svg, pad.l, pad.t, w, h, 5, max, v => v.toFixed(0) + '%');

      const xScale = (i) => pad.l + (i / (actual.length - 1)) * w;
      const yScale = (v) => pad.t + h - (v / max) * h;

      const path = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'path');
      const d = actual.map((p, i) => `${i===0?'M':'L'} ${xScale(i)} ${yScale(p.value)}`).join(' ');
      path.setAttribute('d', d);
      path.setAttribute('fill', 'none'); path.setAttribute('stroke', 'var(--accent)'); path.setAttribute('stroke-width','3');
      svg.appendChild(path);

      actual.forEach((p, i) => {
        const c = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'circle');
        c.setAttribute('cx', xScale(i)); c.setAttribute('cy', yScale(p.value)); c.setAttribute('r', '6');
        c.setAttribute('fill', 'var(--accent)'); svg.appendChild(c);
        const label = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'text');
        label.setAttribute('x', xScale(i)); label.setAttribute('y', pad.t + h + 20);
        label.setAttribute('text-anchor','middle'); label.setAttribute('font-size','12'); label.textContent = p.month;
        svg.appendChild(label);
      });

      // Forecast markers at end
      forecasts.forEach((f, idx) => {
        const x = pad.l + w - (idx * 80);
        const y = yScale(f.value);
        const rect = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'rect');
        rect.setAttribute('x', x - 40); rect.setAttribute('y', y - 10);
        rect.setAttribute('width', 80); rect.setAttribute('height', 20);
        rect.setAttribute('rx', '6'); rect.setAttribute('fill', f.color || 'var(--accent-3)'); rect.setAttribute('opacity', '.15');
        svg.appendChild(rect);

        const line = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'line');
        line.setAttribute('x1', x); line.setAttribute('x2', x); line.setAttribute('y1', y); line.setAttribute('y2', yScale(actual.at(-1).value));
        line.setAttribute('stroke', f.color || 'var(--accent-3)'); line.setAttribute('stroke-dasharray','4,4');
        svg.appendChild(line);

        const dot = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'circle');
        dot.setAttribute('cx', x); dot.setAttribute('cy', y); dot.setAttribute('r', '6'); dot.setAttribute('fill', f.color || 'var(--accent-3)');
        svg.appendChild(dot);

        const label = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI, 'text');
        label.setAttribute('x', x); label.setAttribute('y', y - 10); label.setAttribute('text-anchor','middle'); label.setAttribute('font-size','12'); label.textContent = f.name + ': ' + f.value.toFixed(1) + '%';
        svg.appendChild(label);
      });

      state.charts[containerId] = svg;
    }

    // Init charts
    const initCharts = () => {
      drawBars('chart-gdp-bars', data.gdpBars, {targetBand: [8.3, 8.5]});
      drawDotPlot('chart-forecasts', data.forecast, {threshold: parseFloat(document.getElementById('forecastMin').value)});
      drawInflation('chart-inflation', data.inflation, data.inflationForecasts);
      drawLine('chart-labor', data.unemployment.map((d, i) => ({year: d.label, value: d.value})), {min: 0, max: 5});
      drawFDI('chart-fdi', data.fdi);
      drawLine('chart-history', data.historyQ1.map(d => ({year: d.year, value: d.value})), {min: 0, max: 9});
    };
    initCharts();

    // Controls for charts
    document.getElementById('forecastMin').addEventListener('input', (e) => {
      document.getElementById('forecastMinVal').textContent = e.target.value + '%';
      drawDotPlot('chart-forecasts', data.forecast, {threshold: parseFloat(e.target.value)});
    });
    document.getElementById('toggleTargetBand').addEventListener('change', () => {
      drawBars('chart-gdp-bars', data.gdpBars, {targetBand: [8.3, 8.5]});
    });
    document.querySelectorAll('.export-chart').forEach(btn => btn.addEventListener('click', e => {
      const id = e.currentTarget.dataset.chart;
      const svg = state.charts[id];
      if (svg) exportSVGToPNG(svg, id + '.png');
    }));

    // Clipboard for link to section
    document.querySelectorAll('.link-section').forEach(btn => btn.addEventListener('click', (e) => {
      const id = e.currentTarget.dataset.target;
      const url = location.origin + location.pathname + '#' + id;
      navigator.clipboard.writeText(url).then(() => toast('Section link copied'));
    }));

    // KPI copy accessible via Enter
    document.querySelectorAll('.copy-kpi').forEach(btn => btn.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => {
      if (e.key === 'Enter') btn.click();
    }));

    // Re-render charts on theme change to ensure color variables apply (SVG inline uses CSS vars)
    const observerTheme = new MutationObserver(() => {
      Object.values(state.charts).forEach(svg => {}); // no-op; CSS vars update automatically
    });
    observerTheme.observe(document.documentElement, {attributes: true, attributeFilter: ['data-theme']});

    // Responsive redrawing on container resize
    let resizeTimer;
    window.addEventListener('resize', () => {
      clearTimeout(resizeTimer);
      resizeTimer = setTimeout(() => initCharts(), 150);
    });

    // Feather icons in dynamically created toasts will not need replacement, but ensure all are set at load.
  </script>
</body>
</html>